Temple Of Heaven


  • temple of heaven
  • temple of heaven
  • temple of heaven
  • temple of heaven
  • temple of heaven
  • temple of heaven
  • temple of heaven
  • temple of heaven
  • temple of heaven

The Temple of Heaven (Chinese: 天壇; pinyin: Tiāntán) is an imperial complex of religious buildings situated in the southeastern part of central Beijing. The complex was visited by the Emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties for annual ceremonies of prayer to Heaven for good harvest.

History

The temple complex was constructed from 1406 to 1420 during the reign of the Yongle Emperor, who was also responsible for the construction of the Forbidden City in Beijing. The complex was extended and renamed Temple of Heaven during the reign of the Jiajing Emperor in the 16th century. Jiajing also built three other prominent temples in Beijing, the Temple of the Sun (日壇) in the east, the Temple of Earth (地壇) in the north, and the Temple of Moon (月壇) in the west. The Temple of Heaven was renovated in the 18th century under the Qianlong Emperor. By then, the state budget was insufficient, so this was the last large-scale renovation of the temple complex in imperial times.

The temple was occupied by the Anglo-French Alliance during the Second Opium War. In 1900, during the Boxer Rebellion, the Eight Nation Alliance occupied the temple complex and turned it into the force's temporary command in Beijing, which lasted for one year. The occupation desecrated the temple and resulted in serious damage to the building complex and the garden. Robberies of temple artifacts by the Alliance were also reported.[citation needed] With the downfall of the Qing, the temple complex was left un-managed. The neglect of the temple complex led to the collapse of several halls in the following years.[2]

In 1914, Yuan Shikai, then President of the Republic of China, performed a Ming prayer ceremony at the temple, as part of an effort to have himself declared Emperor of China. In 1918 the temple was turned into a park and for the first time open to the public.

The Temple of Heaven was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1998 and was described as "a masterpiece of architecture and landscape design which simply and graphically illustrates a cosmogony of great importance for the evolution of one of the world’s great civilizations..." as the "symbolic layout and design of the Temple of Heaven had a profound influence on architecture and planning in the Far East over many centuries."

Buildings and layout

The Temple grounds cover 2.73 km2 (1.05 sq mi) of parkland and comprises three main groups of constructions, all built according to strict philosophical requirements:

  • The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests (祈年殿) is a magnificent triple-gabled circular building, 36 m (118 ft) in diameter and 38 m (125 ft) tall, built on three levels of marble stone base, where the Emperor prayed for good harvests. The building is completely wooden, with no nails. The original building was burned down by a fire caused by lightning in 1889. The current building was re-built several years after the incident.

  • The Imperial Vault of Heaven (皇穹宇) is a single-gabled circular building, built on a single level of marble stone base. It is located south of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests and resembles it, but is smaller. It is surrounded by a smooth circular wall, the Echo Wall, that can transmit sounds over large distances. The Imperial Vault is connected to the Hall of Prayer by the Vermilion Steps Bridge, a 360-meter-long (1,180 ft) raised walkway that slowly ascends from the Vault to the Hall of Prayer. The dome for this building also has no crossbeams to support the dome.

  • The Circular Mound Altar (圜丘坛) is the altar proper, located south of the Imperial Vault of Heaven. It is an empty circular platform on three levels of marble stones, each decorated by lavishly carved dragons. The numbers of various elements of the Altar, including its balusters and steps, are either the sacred number nine or its nonuples. The center of the altar is a round slate called the Heart of Heaven (天心石) or the Supreme Yang (太阳石), where the Emperor prayed for favorable weather. Thanks to the design of the altar, the sound of the prayer will be reflected by the guardrail, creating significant resonance, which was supposed to help the prayer communicate with Heaven. The Altar was built in 1530 by the Jiajing Emperor and rebuilt in 1740.

Ceremony

In ancient China, the Emperor of China was regarded as the Son of Heaven, who administered earthly matters on behalf of, and representing, heavenly authority. To be seen to be showing respect to the source of his authority, in the form of sacrifices to heaven, was extremely important. The temple was built for these ceremonies, mostly comprising prayers for good harvests.

Twice a year the Emperor and all his retinue would move from the Forbidden City through Beijing to encamp within the complex, wearing special robes and abstaining from eating meat. No ordinary Chinese was allowed to view this procession or the following ceremony. In the temple complex the Emperor would personally pray to Heaven for good harvests. The highpoint of the ceremony at the winter solstice was performed by the Emperor on the Earthly Mount. The ceremony had to be perfectly completed; it was widely held that the smallest of mistakes would constitute a bad omen for the whole nation in the coming year.

Symbolism

Earth was represented by a square and Heaven by a circle; several features of the temple complex symbolize the connection of Heaven and Earth, of circle and square. The whole temple complex is surrounded by two cordons of walls; the outer wall has a taller, semi-circular northern end, representing Heaven, and a shorter, rectangular southern end, representing the Earth. Both the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests and the Circular Mound Altar are round, each standing on a square yard, again representing Heaven and Earth. The number nine represents the Emperor and is evident in the design of the Circular Mound Altar: a single round marmor plate is surrounded by a ring of nine plates, then a ring of 18 plates, and so on for a total of nine surrounding rings, the outermost having 9×9 plates.

The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests has four inner, twelve middle and twelve outer pillars, representing the four seasons, twelve months and twelve traditional Chinese hours respectively. Combined together, the twelve middle and twelve outer pillars represent the traditional solar terms. All the buildings within the Temple have special dark blue roof tiles, representing the Heaven.

The Seven-Star Stone Group, east of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest, represents the seven peaks of Taishan Mountain, a place of Heaven worship in classical China.

There are four main supportive, dragon pillars each representing a season. The structure, held up by these dragons, imitates the style of an ancient Chinese royal palace. Twelve inner pillars symbolize the lunar months, and it is thought that the twelve outer pillars refer to the 12 two-hour periods of the day.

Park

The surrounding park is quite extensive, with the entire complex totaling 267 hectares (660 acres). Some of it consists of playgrounds, exercise and game areas. These facilities are well used by adults, as well as by parents and grandparents bringing children to play. Some of the open spaces and side buildings are often used, particularly in the morning, for choral shows, ethnic dances, and other presentations.

Access

The Temple of Heaven is located in southern Dongcheng District, which until 2010 was part of Chongwen District. The park itself is open daily from 6:00am–10:00 pm. The relic sites inside the park open at 8:00 and close at 17:30 from April 1 to October 31, and close at 17:00 from November 1 to March 31.  There is a nominal entry charge. Tickets stop selling one hour and half before gate closing.

All four of the park's gates are accessible by public transportation.

  • East Gate on Tiantan East Road and Tiyuguan Road: Beijing Subway Line 5 Tiantandongmen Station; Beijing Bus routes 25, 36, 39, 208, 525, 610, 685, 686, 723, 827, 829, 957, 958

  • West Gate on Tianqiao South Street and Nanwei Road: Beijing Bus route 2, 15, 17, 20, 35, 36, 69, 71, 120, 203, 504, 707, 729, 特11 and BRT1

  • North Gate on Tiantan Road and Qinian Street: Beijing Bus routes 6, 34, 35, 36, 106, 110, 687, 707

  • South Gate on Yongdingmen East Street and Jintai Road: Beijing Bus routes 36, 53, 120, 122, 208, 525, 610, 958, 特3, 特11, 特12, 运通102

See also

  • Temple of the Earth, its counterpart in north Beijing

  • Temples of the Sun and Moon, in east and west Beijing

  • Tian (Heaven) / Shangdi (God)

  • Heaven worship

  • All Under Heaven

  • Son of Heaven

  • Wongudan (Seoul, Korea)

Client’s Reviews

  • Joe193

    Joe193

    Reviewed 26thSeptember2019

    A place to relax and watch the local people playing cards, mah-jong and singing and dancing. Such calm in a very busy city.

  • ashwindhawakieram

    ashwindhawakieram

    Reviewed 11thJuly2019

    Very nice place to visit . The environment is very peaceful. Need to spend around 2 to 3 hours isiting this temple. The gardens are extremely beautiful and serene . The structures are very attractive.

  • c11anh

    c11anh

    Reviewed 11thAugust2019

    Worth going just to see the temple. Really busy so be prepared to be jostled. Very little English spoken so get a google translate on your phone!

  • OCDane

    OCDane

    Reviewed 19thSeptember2019

    This area is pretty huge, take your time and explore all corners. Things are spread out a in a park like area and have different things to see. We went all the way to the Music area which is another 10RMB to get in and...More

  • inkheadz

    inkheadz

    Reviewed 15thAugust2019

    Huge park area with some impressive temples. Its not possible to enter the buildings, sadly. There is an entrance fee to the park, but also a small fee to each of the temples if you wish to see them up close.

  • 11SJ987

    11SJ987

    Reviewed 5thSeptember2019

    We visited during the summer, and unlike many tourist stops in Beijing this wasn't particularly crowded. Very interesting to hear the history behind the temple, particularly in its earlier versions. Glad we visited.

  • BronnyBean

    BronnyBean

    Reviewed 28thMay2019

    Lovely original historic buildings in an easy to get to place. You could easily spend hours here, or just do a quick stop in if that’s all you have time for. There’s a few stairs but nothing too drastic. My elderly mum had no trouble...More

  • enterprisenx01

    enterprisenx01

    Reviewed 5thJune2019

    You will experience this temple and marvel at its architecture while learning of its purpose and significance during its age. It is a place of ceremony and reverence honoring the heaven above and the earth below. The Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and many ancient cultures including...More

  • Jan B

    Jan B

    Reviewed 11thJune2019

    We visited the temple of heaven on a spendours of China tour recently. It is in a wonderful park area where we enjoyed a Taichi lesson. Great experience

  • bon4168

    bon4168

    Reviewed 2ndJuly2019

    A beautiful and spacious historic temple. Easy for elders and children because it is flat and full of greenery.

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